Luliang Campaign

Lüliang Campaign , also called Southwestern Shanxi Campaign , was a series of battles fought between the s and the communists in Lüliang region in southwestern Shanxi during the Chinese Civil War in the post War World II era, and resulted in the communist victory.

Prelude

In early November 1946, Hu Zongnan, the of the 1st War Zone in an attempt to concentrate force to attack the communist capital Yan'an, redeployed two reorganized s Shaanxi from southern Shanxi. Only two s were left for the local defense of southern Shanxi, and in Lüliang region with a total of ten counties, there was only one regiment of the 2nd War Zone, assisted by local security brigades totaling ten thousand. The communists decided to take this opportunity by taking the region and annihilating the garrison in the process.

Order of battle

Defenders: order of battle:
*4 s
*Local Security Brigades
Attackers: communist order of battle:
*The 4th Column of the communist Shanxi – Henan – Hebei – Shandong Military District
*The 2nd Column of the communist Shanxi – Suiyuan Military District
*8 regiments of the communist Taiyue Military District, including the 24th Brigade

Campaign

On November 22, 1946 the campaign begun as the communist unleashed their attacks. After a series of battles, the communists succeeded in taking strongholds including Daning , Forever Peace , Pu County, Stone Building , and heavily fortified towns Xi County and Middle Sun . Majority of the local garrison totaling more than five thousand were captured alive by the enemy, including the of the western Shanxi region of the 2nd War Zone, Yang Dengyuan , while the rest were killed. The rapid success of communist meant that a vast region bordered by the Yellow River in the west, the Datong – Pukou Railway in the east, Middle Sun in the north and the Ji County in the south had fallen into the enemy hands by December 12, 1946, and the rear of the units planned to attack Yan'an was gravely exposed, and thus seriously threatened by the enemy. The two reorganized s deployed from southern Shanxi to Shaanxi to attack Yan'an were forced to abandon their original objective and redeployed back to southern Shanxi, and Hu Zongnan was also forced to order another two s to attack Daning and Pu County from Linfen and Ji County in an attempt to retake the territory lost to the enemy.

Facing the counteroffensive, the communists formed a new command to better control all of the communist units in Lüliang region, and the three-men committee was consisted of Chen Geng , the and Xie Fuzhi, the political commissar of the 4th Column of the communist Shanxi – Henan – Hebei – Shandong Military District, and Wang Zhen, the of the 2nd Column of the communist Shanxi – Suiyuan Military District. The communists of the 4th Column decided to maximize the terrain advantage in their next move, since the local landscape was a great obstacle for deploying mechanized force for fast mobile warfare which the s were good at. The communists planned to lure the enemy deeper into the hostile terrain and annihilate enemy one small portion at a time, and one communist brigade was sent out to penetrate deep behind the enemy line, successfully severed the supply line. Meanwhile, eight regiments of the communist Taiyue Military District took Yuanqu and Flank City in a coordinated attack. Being attacked by the enemy from the front and rear, and as well as exhausting available supplies, the s attacking Lüliang region were forced to withdraw. On December 30, 1946, the communist 4th Column annihilated the rear guard, the 67th Brigade on the highway from the town of Pu County to Danning , and following the success, concluded the campaign by taking the town of Pu County on January 1, 1947, badly mauling the defenders in the process.

Outcome

The s lost over 10,000 troops in this defeat, which disrupted the overall plan to attack the communist capital Yan'an, and the original offensive schedule had to be postponed, thus providing the enemy with ample time to evacuate. Furthermore, the southwestern Shanxi was constantly under the enemy threat as a result of the defeat. The lack of corporation among s themselves was also an important contributor to the enemy’s success: the local Shanxi Yan Xishan was always fearful of Chiang Kai-shek’s takeover and thus refused to send out any of his own troops for reinforcement under the excuse of local areas would be threatened if his troops were sent to southwestern Shanxi to help Hu Zongnan.